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| 1702 |
| | | German chemist Georg Stahl coins the name phlogiston for the substance believed to be released in the process of burning | |
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| 1714 |
| | | Fahrenheit perfects the mercury thermometer and decides on a 180-degree interval between the freezing and boiling points of water | |
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| 1717 |
| | | Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, observing the Turkish practice of inoculation against smallpox, submits her infant son to the treatment | |
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| 1735 |
| | | Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus publishes a 'system of nature', capable of classifying all living things | |
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| c. 1735 |
| | | Swedish chemist Georg Brandt discovers a new metallic element, which he names cobalt | |
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| 1739 |
| | | David Hume publishes his Treatise of Human Nature, in which he applies to the human mind the principles of experimental science | |
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| 1742 |
| | | Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius proposes 100 degrees between the freezing and boiling points of water | |
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| 1745 |
| | | The principle of the Leyden jar is discovered by an amateur German physicist, Ewald Georg von Kleist, dean of the cathedral in Kamin | |
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| 1751 |
| | | The Swedish chemist Alex Cronstedt identifies an impurity in copper ore as a separate metallic element, which he names nickel | |
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| 1752 |
| | | English obstetrician William Smellie introduces scientific midwifery as a result of his researches into childbirth | |
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